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Advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques for the detection and characterization of renal masses

Tamara Oei, Sandeep Hedgire and Mukesh Harisinghani

Incidentally detected renal masses are on the rise posing increasing demands on imaging for their characterization and management. These masses encompass both benign and malignant entities, many of which can be diagnosed with high confidence by cross-sectional imaging alone. Lesions can be predominantly cystic or solid and a key feature common to all malignant lesions is the presence of enhancing solid components. However, a substantial number of enhancing lesions are benign and when imaging is not conclusive, biopsy may help. Ongoing research shows that renal cell carcinoma, the most common renal malignancy, represents a heterogeneous disease entity, and future trends toward more precise imaging characterization would allow for a more individualized management approach.