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B-cell preservation and regeneration for diabetes treatment: where are we now?

Michael J Karadimos, Archana Kapoor , Ilham El Khattabi & Arun Sharma

Over the last decade, our knowledge of b-cell biology has expanded with the use of new scientific techniques and strategies. Growth factors, hormones and small molecules have been shown to enhance b-cell proliferation and function. Stem cell technology and research into the developmental biology of the pancreas have yielded new methods for in vivo and in vitro regeneration of b cells from stem cells and endogenous progenitors as well as transdifferentiation of non-b cells. Novel pharmacological approaches have been developed to preserve and enhance b-cell function. Strategies to increase expression of insulin gene transcription factors in dysfunctional and immature b cells have ameliorated these impairments. Hence, we suggest that strategies to minimize b-cell loss and to increase their function and regeneration will ultimately lead to therapy for both Type 1 and 2 diabetes.